GREEN SYNTHESIZED SILVER NANOPARTICLES: BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS AND SYNTHESIS METHODS

• Author Information

  Sunder Bhati, Azharuddin

• Sunder Bhati, Azharuddin
• GREEN SYNTHESIZED SILVER NANOPARTICLES: BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS AND SYNTHESIS METHODS

Abstract

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has emerged as an eco-friendly, cost-effective, and sustainable alternative to conventional physical and chemical synthesis methods. The present review highlights the mechanistic aspects, characterization techniques, and diverse biomedical applications of green synthesized silver nanoparticles. Plant extracts, microorganisms, and other biological materials act as reducing and stabilizing agents during nanoparticle formation, eliminating the need for toxic chemicals and harsh reaction conditions. The synthesis process is influenced by various factors such as pH, temperature, concentration, and reaction time, which significantly affect nanoparticle size, morphology, and stability. Mechanistically, phytochemicals including flavonoids, phenolics, alkaloids, proteins, and terpenoids play a crucial role in the bioreduction of silver ions and stabilization of nanoparticles. Characterization of AgNPs is commonly performed using techniques such as UV–Visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). Green synthesized AgNPs exhibit remarkable biological activities including antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiviral, wound healing, and drug delivery potential. Their broad-spectrum activity against multidrug-resistant pathogens further enhances their biomedical significance. Overall, green synthesized silver nanoparticles represent a promising nanotechnological platform for future therapeutic and pharmaceutical applications with improved biocompatibility and reduced environmental toxicity.